^* Rice incomes are given in terms of their cash value, that is, in Baht; the figures in brackets show their corresponding amounts in litres.

^* In this column, rice wages are given in terms of their cash value while the actual amounts of rice are given in brackets in litres. Where the rice used was glutinous rice purchased from shops in Northern Thai settlements, I have taken the cash value of such rice to be 4.5 baht per litre, the prevailing price in the Pa Pae hills area. I have not, however, indicated the cash value of rice wages where the rice used was rice grown in Palokhi. The reason is that as the Palokhi Karen generally do not buy or sell their own rice, it is therefore difficult to impute a cash value to the rice. In 1981, wage work was mainly done by a young girl (an only daughter) to earn some money and rice to support her sick mother. Her work consisted primarily of milling rice for some of the wealthier households in Palokhi (for example, H1a, H1b, H2, and H3) as well as child-minding. The work that she did was hardly essential to these households as they could quite easily do it themselves. Her employment, therefore, was motivated by a charitable concern for her and her mother’s welfare. When her mother died in April, she was fostered out to a Northern Thai family in Ban Mae Lao, as I have noted before (Chapter III, p. 196, n. 23). She was paid rice wages in the form of milled non-glutinous rice grown by these households.

^** The expenditures on rice are given in terms of their cash values, that is in Baht; the figures in brackets show the actual amounts of rice purchased in litres.

^*** In this table, the expenditures on opium are given in Baht while the quantities of opium are given in tua in brackets. The purchases shown in the table are small and were bought essentially for medicinal purposes. They do not represent purchases by addicts (whose households are not reflected in the table) which were substantial but proved difficult to determine or estimate.

^**** Rice is sometimes used to “purchase” other items in Palokhi. Such transactions are therefore exchange transactions in reality. In the table, the rice used in this way is indicated in terms of their cash values where it is possible to impute a cash value to the rice. The actual amounts of rice exchanged are given in litres in brackets.

^***** Total expenditures are given here as cash expenditures on purchases including rice, and expenditures in which rice has been used as a medium of exchange. In the case of cash expenditures, I have also indicated in brackets the actual sums of money spent on the purchase of rice. Where rice expenditures are concerned, these are indicated in terms of their Baht values where applicable while the actual amounts of rice are given in brackets.

^****** The data for H13b in this table are not as reliable as those for other households and this explains to some extent why its expenditures appear somewhat small in comparison. It should be noted, however, that H13b shared a number of economic functions with H13a (as discussed in Chapter IV, pp. 205–10) and several items (for example, tobacco) were obtained from the parental household without having to buy them from other households. As I have also pointed out, H13a and H13b were relatively poor and this also explains the lower levels of expenditures of the household in this table.