Aboriginal subsistence activities, 179
Aboriginal tradition, 179
adat practices, 36, 153
Adele Island lighthouse, 125
apprehensions
            effectiveness of, 187–8
            record of, 185–8
            risks and costs of, 167–9
Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Act, 85
Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Amendment Act 1978, 95
Ashmore Reef, 57, 59, 61, 68, 96, 149
            annexation/possession of, 83
            ban on fishing at, 99
            illicit fishing at, 84
Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve, 95–8, 106, 192
            ANPWS Plan of Management for, 98, 183
Australia
            European colonisation, 58, 60
Australia–Indonesia Maritime Delineation Treaty, 190
Australian Aborigines (orang Marege), 58, 62, 122
Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), 184
Australian aid program, 183–5
Australian Customs Service, 96, 100
Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA), 100, 102, 115, 182, 193
Australian Fishing Zone (AFZ), 1, 2, 4, 9, 33, 49, 85, 88, 107, 108, 129, 152, 177
            extension of, 1979, 94–5
Australian Law Reform Commission, 179
Australian maritime expansion, 83–116, 126, 172, 189
Australian National Maritime Museum, 195
Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service (ANPWS), 95, 96, 107, 183
Australia’s policy strategies, 2
            an evaluation of, 171–93
            apprehension, detention and
            confiscation, 100–13, 171
            Bajo responses to, 117–33
            new approaches, 188–93
            policy reviews, 114–6

Bahasa Indonesia, 10
Bajo people/Bajau/Bajau Laut, 1, 7
            encounter with Australian scientists, 74–8
            fishing season, 1994, 135–69
                        end-of-season returns, 147
            fishing methods, 151–2
            fishing rituals, 152–4
            fleet out of Pepela, 144–6
            preparations for, 135–43
            marine cosmology, 31, 33
            marine environment, 31, 33
            maritime world of, 31–56
                        fishing activities, diversity of, 43
                        livelihoods, 37–44, 43
                        local fishing economy, 38–41
                        specialised boat building skills/activities (see also ‘boats’), 31, 41, 45–50,
                        technology, 45–50
            migration of, 24–25, 28, 80, 127, 128
            navigation techniques, 149–51
            responses to Australian policy, 117–33
                        pre-1974 perceptions, 124
                        post-1974 perceptions, 124
            settlement history, 7–30,
            subsistence needs of, 166
            voyages to the Timor Sea, 57–81
            world views and rituals, 4, 31, 33,
                        esoteric knowledge
                        (pangatonang/ilmu), 33, 34, 136
                        concepts of the soul, 34–36
                        pre-departure rituals, 138–43
Barefoot Marine, 102
beach-combing activities, 63, 65
boats (see also ‘perahu’)
            construction of, 31, 36
                        rituals of, 36, 50–5
            perahu bidu, 23
            perahu lambo, 38, 39, 40, 45, 79, 81, 118
            perahu layar motor, 38, 40
            perahu punggawa, 23
            perahu soppe, 23, 40
bos, 155, 161, 163, 166
Brennan, Justice, 177, 180
Broome, 61, 65, 100
            as centre for investigation/prosecution, 101, 107, 120
Broome Historical Museum, 122
Bureau of Rural Sciences, 115, 196
Burma Oil Company, 87
Butonese, 15, 16

Cape Leveque lighthouse, 86
Cari Damai, 103, 104
Chamberlain, Alex, 61, 64, 66
Civil Coastal Surveillance Program
            (‘Coastwatch’), 96, 97, 100, 104, 152
Clark, F. H., 65
Cockatoo Island, 86
Continental Shelf Act 1968, 91
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), 95, 99
copra trading, 79, 80, 81
credit arrangements/relationships, 120, 128, 133, 154, 160
Crocombe, F., 70, 71
CSIRO fisheries survey, 74, 78, 195
Culture Contact and Language Convergence, 9

Darul Islam, 24
Darwin, 100
            as centre for investigation/prosecution, 101
            apprehensions/prosecutions in, 103, 109, 110, 111, 187
Davies, L., 70
diplomatic relations with Indonesia, 2
distant shore fishing, 41–43
doldrums, the, 38, 119
Douglas, Malcolm, 122, 123
Dutch colonial period, 61, 72
Dutch East Indies, 81, 83, 84

east monsoon, 12, 37, 42, 118, 127
ethnic Chinese investors, 81

Fisheries Act 1952, 91, 92, 99,
            prosecutions under, 106, 107, 108
Fisheries Management Act 1991, 110, 176, 178
Fisheries Vessel Reporting System, 101
fishing activities
            northern Australian coast, 58–61
            in northwest, 1950s–70s, 78–81, 87
Flood Myth, 32
Flores Pearling Company, 65, 66
forfeiture, 105, 106, 167

Gilroy, C., 70
Global Positioning System, 182
Guano, 83
guardian ancestors, 33

Haji Djunaedy, 118, 122
handlining, 40
Hilliard, Henry Francis, 61, 62, 63, 83, 84, 87
Hilliard, Robin Henry, 61, 64, 65, 66, 84
HMAS Cessnock, 103, 109
HMAS Derwent, 109
HMAS Ipswich, 103
Howe, H. V., 63

illegal fishing, 1, 2, 87, 167
            Australia’s response to, 2
                        burning, 2, 55, 105, 171, 185
                        confiscation, 2
            effectiveness of, 5
            factors driving, 114
            unofficial tolerance, end of, 108
inaction, reasons for, 189–92
indebtedness, 164–7, 168
Indonesia
            new bilateral relations with, 88–9
Indonesian fisheries, 3
Indonesian fishing activities, 57
Indonesian graves, 183
Indonesian Social Department, 103
‘Indonesians’, 57
information and education campaign, 115, 171, 184
International Commission of Jurists, 177

Japanese invasion/occupation of Indonesia, 58, 72, 73, 74, 81
John & Richard, the, 65
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade (JSCFDAT), 2, 114, 116, 187

Kahar Muzakkar Rebellion (gerombolan), 24–5, 50, 66, 78, 80
Kaka, 142
Karya Abadi, the case of the, 176–8
Kenangan Indah, 107
Kimberley–Indonesia Friendship Society, 177
Kirby, Justice, 176, 177
Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij, 81

lama/nomadic fishing (see also ‘distant shore fishing’), 38, 57
La Muru, 125
La Ode Ndoke, 67, 68, 74
Larrakeya, the, 70
Le Breton, 27
‘local justice’, 93, 94

Mabo decision(s), 173, 177, 180
Macassan voyages, 59–60
Macassans, 58, 59
‘Malays’, 57, 60, 71
maluntu, 35, 54, 140
Mantigola, 1, 15, 21, 23, 25, 37, 57, 117
Marella, the, 70
marine products, 1, 38, 121, 129
            uses of, 40
maritime borders, 1, 171
            Australia’s expansion of, 4
mbo madilao, 31–32, 33, 142, 153
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) 1974, 1, 4, 5, 49, 89–91, 94, 111, 124, 171, 174, 179, 181, 191, 197–8
            amendments to, 1989, 98–9, 130, 132, 174, 199–203
                        ‘no engine’ (motorised vessels) rule, 107, 182
            Australian enforcement of, 91–4
            need for renegotiation, 193
            violations of, 97
‘MOU box’, 99, 132, 150, 168, 171, 182
Memorandum of Understanding on a Provisional Fisheries Surveillance and Enforcement Line, 1981, 94
mobility, 37
Mola (Utara and Selatan) villages, 1, 15–20, 25, 37, 57, 117
money lenders, 160
monsoon regime, 37–8
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (MAGNT), 195
MV Cape Pillar, 125
MV Pacific Adventurer, 103, 105
‘myth of emptiness’, the, 85, 89
‘myth of invasion’, the, 89
‘myth of subsistence’, the, 85

nabbi, 31
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975, 95, 98
Native Title Act 1993, 173
ngambai (net fishing), 43–5, 61, 66, 69, 72, 78
Northern Territory Fisheries Department, 101, 104
Northern Territory Legal Aid Commission, 104
Northern Territory Museum, 97, 107
nubba, 38
‘nucleus fishing enterprise scheme’, 184
nyawa (soul), 34, 54, 55

Operation Roundup, 103
Operation Trochus (Trochus 75 and Trochus 76), 91, 122
Operation Wallacea, 15
‘Orientalism’, 172, 175

Pak Kasmin, 23
pali libu, 38, 40
Pearl Fisheries Act 1952, 85
pearl shell industry, 60
pearling industry, 60, 61
Pedersen, Captain, 75
Pepela (Roti Island), 1, 25–30, 37, 118
            Bajo settlement at, 28–30
            economic activities, 26, 27
            ethnic composition of, 26
            pre-season preparations, 144–9
            shark-fin trading, 129, 155–6
                        traditional ties, 155
perahu (see also ‘boats’)
            AFMA classification of, 100, 101
                        Type 1, 100
                        Type 2, 100, 103, 105, 106, 107, 110
                        Type 3, 100, 105, 106, 129, 182
            owners, captains and crew, 136–8
period of restrictions, 69
pesawat jatuh (the plane that crashed), 57, 66–72
pile house settlements, 11
PKI (Indonesian Communist Party), 79
pongka, 38, 40
‘Practical Guidelines for Implementing the 1974 MOU’, 99
profit-sharing arrangements (see also ‘saduh system’), 138, 154, 161
            bagi Mola/bagi Pepela, 161, 163
propitiation, 34
Provisional Fisheries Surveillance and Enforcement Line (PFSEL), 149
punggawa, 136, 137, 153

Raas people, 61, 72
Raffles Bay, 26
Rahmat Ilaha 2, 107
Ray, Senator Robert, 105
repatriation, 103
rights of access,
            contested, 1–5
            licensing/regulating, 5, 188–9
            ‘priority access rights’, 115
Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), 70, 89, 100, 109
Royal Australian Navy (RAN), 89, 96, 100, 108, 125

saduh system (see also ‘profit-sharing arrangements), 161, 162, 163, 165
Sama-Bajau language/speakers (see also ‘Bajo people’), 1, 7, 8, 60
            origin and dispersion of, 9–12
            kinship, marriage and language, 11, 37
Sampela, 21, 24, 25
sandro, 33, 35, 50
Sapa Ntole, 122
‘sea gypsies/nomads’, 1, 7
Second World Fisheries Congress, 193
Sempill, Lord William Francis, 70
Seringapatam Reef, 57, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75
Serventy, Dr Dominic, 74–8, 87
shark fin, 1, 41, 58, 73, 93, 118
            full moon cuts, 130, 157
            grading, marketing and prices, 156–60
            half moon cuts, 130, 157
            Hong Kong as hub, 160
            increase in world prices, 126, 180
            large-scale traders, 127
shark fishing, 28, 41, 48, 80, 95, 166
            earnings from, 164–7
            economics of, 154–5
            growing focus on, 118–23
            handlines, 41, 72, 107, 109, 121, 130, 131, 151
            longlines, 126–33, 151, 177
            rattles (gorogoro), 41, 72, 79, 107, 109, 121, 130, 131, 152, 154
Shipway, Bruce, 77
Si Adam, 50, 51
Si Akmad, 44, 45, 76
Si Badolla, 69, 71, 73, 80, 121, 124
Si Bilaning, 22, 23, 69, 71
Si Dudda, 154
Si Gambar Bulan, 66, 67, 68, 69
Si Goseng, 120, 132
Si Gudang, 51, 138, 140
Si Gunda, 50, 51, 55, 140, 142
Si Hasmin, 124
Si Hati, 80
Si Idrus, 124, 132
Si Kaboda, 108
Si Kaharra, 76, 79, 118, 131
Si Kariman, 79, 122, 124, 153, 154
Si Kiramang, 32
Si Mahating, 50, 51
‘Si Mappe’, the, 75, 76
Si Mappeh, 76
Si Mbaga, 22, 23, 32, 51, 52, 54, 61, 62, 69, 142
Si Mohammad, 80
Si Mpeno, 67, 68
Sinar Karang, 75, 76
Si Mudir, 79, 153, 154
Si Nasir, 118, 120, 176, 178, 180
Si Ntao
Si Ntole, 121
Si Nurdin, 51, 54, 74, 79
Si Pallu, 78
Si Pangasi, 66, 67, 68
Si Saburiddin, 120
Si Subung, 73
Si Usman Basirang, 103, 104, 108, 121, 122
Smith, W. S., 61, 84
sorcery (guna-guna), 140
spearing, 40
SS Nimoda, 70, 71
Stokes Hill Wharf, 102
sumangaq, 34, 54, 55, 140
            navel (bebol), as conduit of, 34, 35, 52–5, 140
Sunni Islam, 31
surat jalan (travel passes), 11

taboos, 153
Tenaga Atom, 103, 104
Tentara Islam Indonesia, 24
The Argus, 70, 71
The Kalgoorlie Miner, 92, 93
The Norwest Echo, 66
The West Australian, 87
Third Party Advisory Note of 1988, 98, 99
Timor and Arafura seas, 1, 33, 45, 117, 155
            fishing activities in, 3
Timor Box, 106
Timor Gap, 190,
Timor Gap Treaty, 190
Timor Sea Treaty, 190
Torres Strait Fisheries Act 1984, 178, 180
Torres Strait Treaty, 114, 179, 183
tradition and commerce, 178–81
‘tradition’ vs. ‘modernity’, 4
‘traditonal’ fishermen/fishing, 3, 49, 89, 91, 94, 111,
            alternative strategies to deal with, 115
            definition of, 171, 181, 191
            recommendations for review of definition, 114, 115
‘traditional vessels’, 174
‘traditionalism’, 172–4, 175
traditions, emergent, 174, 175
trepang, 1, 9, 38, 41, 58, 62, 73
trochus boats, 105
trochus shell, 1, 41, 62, 73, 80, 93, 117
trolling, 40, 151
Tuan Robin (see also ‘Hilliard, Robin’), 61, 62, 69
Tukang Besi Islands, 12–20, 31, 40
            Bajo settlements in, 15–22, 78
                        history of, 22–25
            economy of, 12, 14
tukang perahu (see also ‘sandro’), 50
Tunas Muda, 103, 104, 141, 142
turtle fishing, 41, 42
turtle shell, 1, 9, 58, 61, 62, 73, 117

Ujung Pandang, 126
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, First (UNCLOS I), 1, 88
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Second (UNCLOS II), 88, 192
Usaha Selamat, 103, 108, 111, 121

vandalism, 124, 125
voyaging
            fishing, 42
            history and economics of, 4
            trading, 42

Wakatobi Dive Resort, 15
Wakatobi Marine National Park, 12, 15
Warreen, the, 74–8
Weddell, Colonel R. H., 70
west monsoon, 37, 38, 42, 119, 120, 128
Western Australian Customs Act, 84
Western Australian Fisheries Act 1905, 87, 93, 94
Western Australian Fisheries Department, 86, 87, 93, 101, 185, 196
Western Australian Legal Aid Commission, 102
Western Australian Maritime Museum, 195
Willie Creek, 101, 102, 176
wind compass, 150
Wisma Jaya, 108–9
Wood, H., 70
World War II
            Bajo fishing before, 72–4