All chapters in this volume deal with the state, market and communities, but with differing levels of emphasis. Part II looks at the institutional framework that has effected dramatic changes to local histories, livelihoods and identities. The emphasis in this section is on the state and its institutions, including the law, as active agents of change. Although the effects of government policies on local communities are discussed, analysis of community strategies is not central, as it is in the second part of the book. Part III presents five case studies, three from Kalimantan (Deddy, Eghenter and Wadley), one from Sarawak (Pedersen et al.) and one from Sabah (Vaz). The case studies presented by Eghenter, Vaz and Deddy are written from the perspective of field workers who were directly involved in experiments with alternative development strategies. In summary, these attempts included building community capacity to a level where local groups could gain recognition as legitimate partners in the management of a conservation area (Eghenter), gaining recognition for local institutions and management systems through land titling (Vaz), and the practice of community mapping (Deddy). On the other hand, in their capacity as observers, Wadley, Pedersen, Mertz and Hummelmose describe the domination of logging interests in local political economies and the different ways in which local communities have dealt with this domination.