Part 2. Transformations and Interactions

Table of Contents

9. Homo Sapiens is an Evolving Species: Origins of the Austronesians

Introduction

The Impact of Malaria on Human Genetics

Genetic Markers for Austronesians and Non-Austronesians?

Evolutionary Forces: Definitions

The HLA Data

Evidence from HLA Studies for Mutation

Evidence from HLA Studies for Selection

Evidence from HLA Studies for Migration Effects

Comparative Observations From Other Genetic Systems

Acknowledgements

References

10. A Study of Genetic Distance and the Austronesian/Non-Austronesian Dichotomy

Introduction

The Nature of the Evidence

Unique Allele Distributions

Genetic Distance Studies

Austronesian and Non-Austronesian Populations on the North Coast of Papua New Guinea

Non-Austronesian Diversity and its Contribution to Austronesian Heterogeneity in Melanesia

Linguistic Links Between Sepik-Ramu and Earlier Australian Languages

Conclusions

References

11. Language Contact and Change in Melanesia

Introduction

Language Contact and Change in Melanesia

Language Shift and Obsolescence

No Influence

Borrowing

Dialect Borrowing

Cultural Borrowing

Intimate Borrowing

So-called “Mixed” Languages

Pidgins

Implications for Classification and Historical Reconstruction

Future Research Needs

References

12. Austronesian Societies and Their Transformations

Introduction

The Concept of Origin

Stranger Kings, Muslim Saints and Brahmana Priests

Origin, Narrative and Journey

Transformations of Austronesian Societies

Conclusions

References

13. Sea Nomads and Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers: Foraging Adaptations in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago

Introduction

Problems in the Ethnogenesis of Southeast Asian Hunter-Gatherers

Adaptive Diversity in Early Austronesian Society

The Pre-Eminence of the Sea

Sea Nomads

The Sama-Bajau

The Orang Laut

The Moken

Forest Foragers

Conclusion

References

14. Exchange Systems, Political Dynamics, and Colonial Transformations in Nineteenth Century Oceania

Introduction

Patterns of Difference

The Marquesas

Fiji

Evolutionary and Non-Evolutionary Models

Indigenous Systems and Colonial Histories

Conclusion: The Distinctiveness of Austronesia

References

15. Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata

Introduction

The Earliest Indic State: Kutai

The Sanskritization of Jawa

The Spread of Literacy

Śrīwijaya: A Centre of Learning?

“Temples of Language” in Ancient Java

The Javanization of the Mahābhārata

References

16. Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity

Austronesian Boundaries

Islamization as Change

The Idea of the Sacred

Post-script

References

17. Christianity and Austronesian Transformations: Church, Polity and Culture in the Philippines and the Pacific

Spain and Catholicism in the Philippines

America and Protestantism in the Philippines

Christianity in the Pacific

Conclusion

References