Assessing the evidence on Indigenous socioeconomic outcomes: a focus on the 2002 NATSISS
Table of Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations and acronyms
- 1. Towards a history of Indigenous statistics in Australia
-
- The watershed years
- Statistics for protection and assimilation
- The crisis of the protection/assimilation model
- Some features in the new archive
- 2. Statistical needs in Indigenous affairs: the role of the 2002 NATSISS
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- A brief history of the 1994 NATSIS and the 2002 NATSISS
-
- The 2002 NATSISS in the overall statistical framework
- NATSISS and Indigenous policy and practice
- Conclusion
- 3. The 2002 NATSISS—the ABS survey methodology and concepts
-
- ABS statistical activity
- The 2002 NATSISS
-
- Sample design
- Comparison between 1994 and 2002 survey methodologies
-
- Scope
- Geography
- Content
- Statistics for policy
- 4. Selected methodological issues for analysis of the 2002 NATSISS
-
- Survey methodology
-
- Scope of the survey
- Sample selection and survey design
- Questionnaire design and output
- Interviewing techniques
- Remote/non-remote and CA/NCA
- Sampling and non-sampling issues
-
- Sampling error
- Benchmarking 2002 NATSISS data against population estimates in the 2001 Census
- Non-sampling errors
- Possible non-sampling issues for selected variables in 2002 NATSISS
- Outputs from the 2002 NATSISS
-
- ABS publications using the 2002 NATSISS
- The 2002 NATSISS CURF
- Concluding remarks
- 5. Differentials and determinants of Indigenous population mobility
-
- Background: survey development and questions
- The scale and age pattern of mobility
- Differentials and determinants of mobility
- Reasons for movement
- Conclusion
- 6. Aboriginal child mortality in Australia: Recent levels and covariates
-
- Data quality issues
- Mortality estimates
- Covariates of child mortality
- Concluding remarks
- 7. Understanding housing outcomes for Indigenous Australians: what can the 2002 NATSISS
add?
-
- Housing tenure profiles and household size by remoteness
- Affordability and adequacy issues by tenure and remoteness
- Comparisons with non-Indigenous Australians and over time
- Conclusion
- 8. Revisiting the poverty war: income status and financial stress among Indigenous
Australians
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- Poverty wars and the ABS low income category
- Revisiting Indigenous income status and poverty
-
- Income status and financial stress
- A brief digression on validating the top-coding assumptions when using grouped
income data for Indigenous people
- Indigenous and other Australian poverty in 2002
- Concluding remarks
- 9. Family and community life
-
- Why study family and community?
- Family and community life domains
-
- Household and family type
- Fertility and child survival
- Removal from natural family
- Support in time of crisis
- Stressors experienced
- Neighbourhood problems
- Voluntary work
- Two illustrations of the value of the 2002 NATSISS data
-
- Child care
- Removal from natural family
- Concluding comments
- 10. Labour market issues
-
- Strengths of the 2002 NATSISS
- An illustration of new information available from the 2002 NATSISS
- A limitation of the survey
- Concluding comments
- 11. Asking the right questions?
-
- Employment and the hard policy choices
- Employment
- Demand and supply
- Welfare reforms (the supply side of the labour market)
- The Fair Pay Commission (the demand side of the labour market)
- Further data issues
-
- CDEP
- Program evaluation
- Concluding comments
- 12. The real ‘real’ economy in remote Australia
-
- A brief overview of the customary sector and the hybrid economy model
- 2002 NATSISS questions and results
-
- Fishing or hunting in a group
- Participation in, and payment for, cultural activities
- Ability to meet cultural responsibilities while in employment
- Shortcomings in the 2002 NATSISS
-
- Coverage of Indigenous population and key customary sector activities
- Economic versus cultural activity
- Group versus individual activity
- Seasonality
- Lack of comparability between the 1994 NATSIS and the 2002 NATSISS
- Restrictions on geographic analysis
- Recommendations for NATSISS 2008
- Conclusion
- 13. Panel Discussion: Diverse perspectives on the evidence
-
- Jon Altman
- Larissa Behrendt
- Geoff Scott
- Tom Calma
- QUESTIONS
-
- Boyd Hunter
- Murray Geddes
- Geoff Scott
- Jon Altman
- Paul Howarth
- Geoff Scott
- Peter Radoll
- Tom Calma
- Larissa Behrendt
- 14. Education and training: the 2002 NATSISS
-
- 1994 NATSIS and 2002 NATSISS: what has been lost and gained?
- 2002 NATSISS: an overview of findings about education and training
- NATSISS, education and training beyond 2002: is it worth the trouble?
- 15. Indigenous Australians and transport—what can the NATSISS tell us?
-
- Remote area ethnography of transport
- Does having access to a vehicle mean being able to drive it, if you want to?
- Sample selection: remote, very remote and non-remote
- Equity and access to vehicles
- Forms of transport and questions of availability
- Diversity of transport
- Perceived level of difficulty with transport
- Suggestions for re-phrasing and re-sequencing the questions
- Conclusion
- 16. Information and Communication Technology
-
- Usefulness of the data
- Digital divide defined
- Australia’s digital divide
-
- Income
- Education
- Location
- Purpose
- Frequency
- Other inhibitors of ICT use
-
- Employment
- Age
- Health status
- Justice system
- Telephone status
- Accessing money
- Conclusion
- 17. Health
-
- The data
-
- What information was asked?
- What information should have been asked
- Issues with the way the information was collected
- Analysis of the 2002 NATSISS data
-
- Summary health indicators, Indigenous Australia, 2002
- Selected disability characteristics by remoteness, Indigenous Australia, 2002
- Health variables by quintile of weekly equivalised gross household income,
Indigenous Australia, 2002
- Health indicators by age and gender, Indigenous Australia, 2002
- Comparing health indicators, Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australia, 2002
- Indigenous health, Australia, 1994 and 2002
- Health characteristics by non-school qualification and highest year of school
completed, Indigenous Australia, 2002
- Health characteristics by labour force status, Indigenous Australia, 2002
- Disability status and self-assessed health status by age
- Indigenous health indicators by State/Territory and Australia, 2002
- Concluding remarks
- 18. Substance use in the 2002 NATSISS
-
- Overview of the 2002 NATSISS methods in relation to substance use
-
- Selecting a representative sample
- Asking about drug use in the 2002 NATSISS
- Tobacco
- Alcohol
- Illicit drug use
- Estimates of Indigenous drug use from the 2002 NATSISS
-
- How do the 2002 NATSISS results compare with other national surveys of
Indigenous drug use?
- 1994 NATSIS
- The 2001 NHS
- 1994 NDSHS Urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Supplement
- What can be said about the results of the 2002 NATSISS?
-
- Exclusion of residents living in non-private dwellings
- Insufficient data on drinking patterns
- Lack of confidentiality leading to unreliable responses
- Insensitivity to geographical and cultural diversity
- Limited corroboration with other sources of information
- Conclusions
- 19. Crime and justice issues
-
- Diversity in existing crime data collections
- Crime, safety, and ‘justice’ questions in omnibus Australian surveys
- Socioeconomic factors underlying Indigenous arrest
- Crime and justice issues in Indigenous social surveys
-
- Broad trends in crime and justice between 1994 and 2002
- Describing selected crime and justice issues in 2002
- Concluding remarks
- 20. Culture
-
- Changes to survey questions
- Findings on cultural participation/involvement in social activities
- Cultural identification
- Cultural and family responsibilities
- Conclusion
- 21. Language
-
- The language questions in 2002 NATSISS
- Is there a future for Indigenous languages?
- Are speakers of Indigenous languages different from other Indigenous people?
-
- Level of schooling
- Labour force status
- Conclusion
- 22. Torres Strait Islanders and the national survey model
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- The 1992 pre-NATSIS workshop
- The 1996 post-NATSIS workshop and publication
-
- The 2002 NATSISS
- Some results from 2002 NATSISS
- Conclusion
- 23. Social justice and human rights: using Indigenous socioeconomic data in policy
development
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- Recent international developments—the human rights context
- A human rights approach to assessing Indigenous socioeconomic outcomes
- Recent developments in Indigenous policy in Australia
- Implications for data collection and research
-
- So the 3.1 billion dollar question is: how will we know whether the new
arrangements are delivering improved outcomes or not?
- Conclusion
- 24. Influencing Indigenous policy making with statistics
- References
- Notes on Contributors
List of Tables
- 2.1. ABS Indigenous household surveys program: 1999–2011
- 3.1. Sample size, 2002 NATSISS
- 4.1. Differences in data collection in CA and NCA areas
- 4.2. Implications of ABS definition of low incomea
- 5.1. Social, economic and geographic differentials in movement propensity
- 5.2. Net effects of socioeconomic, spatial and household characteristics on Indigenous
mobility: logistic regression results, 2002 NATSISSa
- 5.3. Reasons for last move by age group: 2002 NATSISS
- 6.1. Estimates of early age mortality: Aboriginal Australians, comparison of existing
estimates with 2002 NATSISS
- 6.2. Estimated effects of socioeconomic, spatial and household characteristics on
Aboriginal child mortality: results of Poisson regression model, 2002 NATSISS
- 7.1. Tenure of dwellings containing Indigenous households by remoteness, 2002
- 7.2. Housing tenure of Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over by remoteness, 2002
- 7.3. Household size of dwelling containing Indigenous households by remoteness, 2002
- 7.4. Household size of Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over by remoteness, 2002
- 7.5. Housing tenure of Torres Strait Islander persons aged 15 years and over by area,
2002
- 7.6. Weekly rents (in 2002 $) of dwellings containing Indigenous households by tenure,
2002
- 7.7. Adequacy and affordability characteristics of dwellings containing Indigenous
households by tenure, 2002
- 7.8. Housing adequacy and affordability characteristics of Indigenous persons aged 15
years or over by tenure, 2002
- 7.9. Adequacy and affordability characteristics of dwellings containing Indigenous
households by remoteness, 2002
- 7.10. Housing adequacy and affordability characteristics of Indigenous persons aged 15
years or over by remoteness, 2002
- 7.11. Housing tenure characteristics of Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons aged 18
years or over, 2002
- 7.12. Housing tenure characteristics of Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, 1994
and 2002
- 8.1. Income summary by Indigenous
status in non-remote areas,
2002a b
- 8.2. Income summary by remoteness, 2002
- 8.3. Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, selected income characteristics by
remoteness, Australia, 2002
- 8.4. Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, mean weekly equivalised gross
household income quintiles by selected characteristics, Australia, 2002
- 8.5. Proportion with less than 50 per cent of median equivalised household income
- 8.6. Scoping the feasible range of equivalence scales: proportion with less than
50 per cent of median household income, 2002
- 9.1. Use of child care by persons with primary responsibility for children
according to employment status, Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, 2002
- 9.2. Removal from natural family
- 10.1. Indigenous labour force status by region, 2002
- 10.2. Labour market data collected in the 2002 NATSISS
- 10.3. Duration on CDEP by region of residence, 2002a
- 10.4. Participation in VET in the last 12 months, by labour force status and region,
2002a
- 10.5. OLS wage regressionsa
- 10.6. Effect of experience on wage (percentage)
- 10.7. Effect of experience on probability of employment (percentage)
- 11.1. Various employment-to-population ratios for adult Indigenous Australians
- 11.2. Selected characteristics of the Job Network eligible population, 2002–03
- 11.3. Employment and population changes for Indigenous Australians (in 000’s)
- 11.4. Hypothetical estimates of labour market circumstances 16 months after being
referred to Intensive Assistance
- 12.1. Percentage of Indigenous population in CAs who did and did not fish or hunt
in a group in the last three months, by recognising and living on homeland,
2002a
- 12.2. Percentage of Indigenous population in CAs who fished or hunted in a group in
the last three months, by industry and hours worked, 2002
- 12.3. Percentage of Indigenous population who participated in, and were paid for,
various cultural activities, by remoteness, 2002
- 12.4. Presence of, and ability to meet, cultural responsibilities while in
employment, by remoteness (number of persons), 2002
- 12.5. Percentage of population who were able to meet cultural responsibilities, by
industry and remoteness, 2002
- 12.6. Percentage of each State/Territory engaged: in fishing or hunting in a group;
paid; and unpaid arts and crafts activity, 2002
- 14.1. Comparison of education and training data collected in NATSIS (1994) and NATSISS
(2002)
- 14.2. Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, selected education characteristics,
Australia, 1994 and 2002
- 14.3. Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, main reason left school by remoteness,
Australia, 2002
- 14.4. Unemployed Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, main difficulty finding work
by remoteness, Australia, 2002
- 14.5. Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, whether attended vocational training,
by remoteness, Australia, 2002
- 14.6. Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, whether used vocational training, by
remoteness, Australia, 2002
- 14.7. Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, how vocational training was used, by
remoteness, Australia, 2002
- 14.8. Indigenous persons aged 15 years or over, non-school qualification by highest
year of school completed by selected characteristics, Australia, 2002
- 15.1. Access and use of motor vehicles and walking (aged 15 and over) by sex and
remoteness, 2002a
- 15.2. Indigenous people aged 15 years or over, modes of transport usage by remoteness,
Australia, 2002
- 15.3. Perceived level of difficulty with transport—percentage of the population (aged
15 plus) by sex
- 17.1. Summary health indicators by remoteness and Indigenous
statusa
- 17.2. Selected disability characteristics by remoteness
- 17.3. Self-assessed health variables by quintile of weekly equivalised gross
household income
- 17.4. Self-assessed health status by age and gender
- 17.5. Indigenous health, Australia, 1994 and 2002a
- 17.6. Non-school qualification by highest year of school completed by selected
health characteristicsa
- 17.7. Labour force status by disabilitiesa
- 17.8. Self-assessed health status by age and disability
- 18.1. Drug use among Indigenous Australians: results from the 2002 NATSISS
- 18.2. Indigenous and non-Indigenous rates of hospitalisation (per 1000) for a selection
of alcohol-attributable conditions 2002–03
- 19.1. Indigenous people aged 15 years or over, selected law and justice issues in
Australia, 1994 and 2002
- 19.2. Selected law and justice issues by remoteness, 2002
- 19.3. Interactions with the justice system by remoteness and sex, 2002
- 19.4. Law and justice by age first formally charged,
2002a
- 19.5. Socioeconomic factors underlying formal interactions with the criminal
justice system by ever formally charged, 2002
- 20.1. Cultural participation/ involvement in social activities in 1994 and
2002a
- 20.2. Cultural participation/involvement in social activities by remoteness, 2002
- 20.3. Paid and unpaid participation in cultural activities, 2002
- 20.4. Participation in sporting activity by remoteness, 2002
- 20.5. Activities participated in during the three months before the 2002 NATSISS
- 20.6. Identification with a tribal group, a language group or a clan 2002
- 20.7. Relations with homeland/traditional country, by remoteness in 2002
- 21.1. Those who speak an Indigenous language by State, 1994 and 2002
- 21.2. Those whose main language at home is an Indigenous language, by state, 2002
- 21.3. Knowledge and use of Indigenous language by age group
- 21.4. Language fluency, by remoteness category
- 21.5. Educational attainment: Indigenous language versus remote areas
- 21.6. Whether speaks an Indigenous language (remote versus very remote areas), by
labour force status
- 22.1. Relevant Islander population groups, 2001
- 22.2. Relevant Islander and Aboriginal population groups, 2001
- 22.3. The survey events and data requested: 1992 to 2002