The authors are grateful to Kim Akerman, Moya Smith, Donny Woolagoodja and the Western Australian Museum for their assistance in reproducing images included in this article. Our thanks are extended to Jeanette Avins, Belinda Stewart and Donny Woolagoodja for pointing us in the direction of specific Wandjina paintings mentioned herein. We also appreciate the efforts of the editors and referees for their comments on an earlier draft of this article.