Ariav, G., de Sanctis, G. and Moore, J. 1987, ‘Competing reference disciplines for MIS research’, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information Systems, Pittsburgh, pp. 455–8.

Checkland, P. and Holwell, S. 1998, Information, Systems and Information Systems—Making Sense of the Field, Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Culnan, M. J., Swanson, E. B. and Keller, M. T. 1993, ‘MIS research in the 1980s: shifting points of work and reference’, Proceedings of the 26th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, vol. 3, pp. 597–606.

Fitzgerald, G. 2003, ‘Information systems: a subject with particular perspective, no more, no less’, European Journal of Information Systems, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 225–9.

Klein, H. K., Hirshheim, R. and Nissen, H. 1991, ‘A pluralist perspective of the information systems research arena’, in H. E. Nissen, H. K. Klein and R. Hirshheim (eds), Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Ruscio, K. 1987, ‘Many sectors, many professionals’, in B. Clarke (ed.), The Academic Profession, University of California Press.

Whitley, R. 1984, ‘The development of management studies as a fragmented adhocracy’, Social Science Information, vol. 23, no. 4–5, pp. 775–818.