Achilles, 62
Act of Submission of the Clergy, 129
Act of Supremacy, 129
Advertisements, 134
Ahasuerus, feast of, 41
Albanact, 113, 137
Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus), 3, 105, 162
Albina, 132, 137
Albion, 132, 136
Albumazar, 36
Alexander the Great, 62, 63, 70, 71, 89, 93, 163
            as unifier of physical world, 64
Alexander IV, Pope, 154
Algazel, 36
Alley William, Bishop of Exeter, 137
‘Amazonia’, 62–3
America, 145
angels
            fallen (spiriti maligni), 146
            Protestant interpretation of, 146
            properties of, 36
Anglicus, Johannes, 2
animals
            symbolism of, 108–10
            mutual oppositions, 109
Anne of Bohemia, 111
Antichrist, 60, 131, 147
Aquinas, Thomas, 48
Aristotle, 1, 3, 20, 21, 32, 34, 36, 43, 49, 59, 60, 88, 89, 105, 113, 145, 163
Arnoldus Saxo, 19
Arthur, 137
Arundel 123, 93, 101, 163, 167
Asia, Africa and Europe, 144
Augustodunensis, Honorius (see also
            ‘Honorius of Autun’), 19
Avicenna, 32, 113

Babylon, destruction of, 70
Bacon, Roger, 16, 21
Bale, John, 131, 132, 147, 149, 153
Banks, Joseph, 151, 153, 166
Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 2, 15, 127
Bartholomaeus Glanville, 1, 15, 130, 151
Bartholomaeus de Glanvilla of Suffolk, 130
Bartholomew of Cremona, 59
Bartholomew the Englishman (natione Anglicus), 1, 127
            and the heralds, 110–12
            and the English, 127–60
            as English national treasure, 130–31, 165
            and the sea, 59–61
            as ‘Master of Kind’, 83, 85
            as ‘Master of Properties’, 84, 85
            as source for Shakespeare, 151–4
            ‘…the bestiary’, 107–8
‘Bartholomew Glantvyle’, 136
Bartholomew of Prague, 2
basilisk, the, 142
Batman (Bateman), Stephen, 5, 9, 133, 138, 147, 154, 165
            Batman uppon Bartholome…, 133–51
            The Chronicle of the Doome, 147
            The Doctrine of the Heart, 148
Beaufort, Margaret, 79
Becket, Thomas, 91, 130
Bede, 19, 106, 136
bee, image of, 30, 44, 46, 85, 91, 162
bees, properties of, 32–5, 50
Belcalzar, Vivaldo, 5, 88, 91, 103
Benedict XI, Pope, 5
Benedictine Order, 57
Berkeley
            Elizabeth, 87, 93
            Lord Thomas I, 86           
                        Lady Joan (wife of), 86, 87
            Lord Thomas II, 87
                        Lady Johanna (wife of), 87
            Lord Thomas III
                        Lady Margaret (first wife of), 87
            Lord Thomas IV, 5, 87, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 103, 118, 163
Berkeley Castle, 86
Berkeley family, 79, 86, 91, 94
and the king, 92–5
Bernard of Clairvaux, 31, 42, 48
Bernard of Salisbury, 64
Bersuire, Pierre, 5, 21
Berthelet, Thomas, 5, 16, 128, 146
bestiaries, 23, 38, 105, 107, 112
bestiary iconography, 23, 163
bestiary literature, 24, 30
Black Death, the, 77, 79
Boar, the, 115
Bonaventure, 36, 81
Book of Revelation, 59, 73, 131
Bosworth, battle of, 114, 115
Bozon, Nicolas, 80
Britain, Trojan origins of, 91
Brockhurst, Elizabeth, 16, 29, 134
Bromyard, John, 81
Brunetto Latini, 19
Brut, 113, 132
Brutus (the Trojan), 91, 113, 132, 136
Bryce, Hugh, 118
Buonalcosi, Guido, 5, 88, 129
Byrne, Donal, 88, 89

Cabot, 164
Calcidius, 36
Camber, 113, 137
Cambridge, 1
canicula, 60
Canterbury Tales, 10, 104
Cantimpré, Thomas de, 3, 19, 80, 105
Carey, Henry, Baron Hunsdon, 133, 150, 154
Cathar heresy, 20, 21
Catholic church, 20, 77, 131, 161
Catholic culture, 127
Catholic doctrine, 23, 146
Caxton, William, 117, 118, 144
Cecil, William, 134
celibacy, 42–3
Charles V of France, 88, 95, 104
Charles VI of France, 78, 92
Chartres, 1, 2,
School of, 36, 64
Charybdis, 59, 62, 82
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 3, 10, 94, 95
Chaworth family, 118
Chaworth, Thomas, 96, 97, 104
Christ, 131
            as unifier of spiritual world, 64
Cistercian Order, 57
clerical life, 41–2
Collyngbourne, Wyllyam, 114
Columbus, Christopher, 143, 147, 153, 164
compilatio (see also ‘mediaeval compilations’), 3, 5, 6, 21, 22-4, 32, 50, 161, 162
Constantine, 33
Constantinus, 106, 163
Contes Moralisés, 80
Cooper, Thomas, 136, 137
Corbechon, Jean, 88, 91, 92, 95, 103
cormorant (mergus), 148
Cornelius Agrippa, Henry, 146
crane, image of, 44
Creation, 23, 162
Cromwell, Thomas, 129, 131
Crusades, the, 57

D’Ailly, Hugo, imago mundi map of, 143, 153
Damascene, John, 36, 41
da Pisa, Uguccione, 19
De Arca Noe Mystica, 61
De Bado Aureo, Johannes, 111, 112, 113, 114
de Balbis, Johannes, 19
de Beauvais, Vincent, 3, 4, 19, 22, 144
De Boüard, M.
De Callataÿ, Godefroid, 23
Dee, John, 146, 149
D’Ewes, Simon, 149
de Foix, Gaston (‘Phébus’), 88, 89–92
De heraudie, 110
Delisle, Léopold, 1, 15, 29
De natura rerum, 3, 80
De naturis rerum, 3, 19
De ordine creaturarum, 19
De proprietatibus rerum (see also ‘Properties’), 1, 4, 15
            The 19 Books of, 7
            Latin manuscripts of, 8
De rerum naturis, 19
Dethick, William, 149
De Worde, Wynkyn, 5, 18, 96, 117–21, 129, 146
Dialogus creaturatum moralizatus, 81
Didascalicon, 30
Dionysius (St Denis), 41
discipline, submitting to, 37–8
Dives and Pauper, 82, 83, 84, 109
Dominic, 58
Dominicans, 21, 78
dove, 109
Dronke, Peter, 35, 64

eagle, 109
Eccleston, Thomas (of Eccleston), 2, 77, 79, 86
Edward I, 78
Edward II, 92, 132
Edward III, 132
Edward IV, 104, 118
Edward VI, 129
Edwards, A.S.G. (Anthony), 18, 80, 117
elements and humours, 66
Elias (Franciscan Minister General), 3
Elizabeth’s reign, 138, 165
Elizabethan Religious Settlement, 134
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 18
encyclopaedias, mediaeval, 18, 19, 22, 30–1
encyclopaedic texts, 23, 38, 39, 186, 192, 194, 195, 197, 200
English church, 165
English foundation legends, 132–3
            Arthurian myth, 133
English Psalter Map, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 145
English Reformation, the, 6
Etymologiae, 3, 19
exempla, 34, 77, 78, 80, 81
Exiit qui seminat (papal Bull), 3

familia, the, 40–2, 50, 80, 140, 162
Family of Love, The, 147, 148
Fasciculus Morum, 82
Fenton, Edward, 146
fertility, metaphors of, 31
Forman, Simon, 146
Fountains Abbey, 31
Fourth Lateran Council, 58
Fowler, David, 17
fox, the bestiary, 38, 112
Francis of Assisi (see also ‘St Francis’), 32, 58
Franciscan
            early writers, 2
            homeless mendicancy, 57
            ideal of worship, 32
            library, Oxford, 130
            Order, 3, 5, 7, 8, 15, 82, 162
            way of life/beliefs, 1, 21, 34, 43
Friars Minor (see also ‘Minorites’), 3, 31, 77, 163
            in England, 77–9
Friars Preachers (see also ‘Order of Preachers’), 31
Fryde, E.B., 79

Galen, 163
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 132, 136
Gleaners/gleaning, 30–2, 50
Gilbert, Humphrey, 144
Giles of Rome, 93, 94
Giordano of Giano, 2, 59
Glanville, Sir John, 151
Glanville, Julius, 150
God
            properties and names of, 41, 45
            reconciliation with, 46, 48–51
Gough, John, 129
Gower, John, 83, 85, 86, 95
Greek myths, 149
Greetham, David, 21, 35, 135
Gregory IX, Pope, 31

Haigh, Christopher, 129
Hanna, Ralph, 92, 95
Hardyng, John, 132
Harrison, William, 127
Hassig, Debra, 30, 112
Hathaway, Neil, 31
Haymo of Faversham, 2
Hearne, Thomas, 134, 151
Henry III, 78
Henry IV (Bolingbroke), 95, 112
Henry V, 92, 110
Henry VII, 115, 116, 154
Henry VIII, 128–30, 153
Henry of Mainz, 65
Henry of Sandwich, Sir, 78
Hercules, 62
heretics, 58
Hermes Trismegistos, 49
Higden, Ranulph, 3
            The Polychronicon, 3, 87, 91, 93, 94, 118
Hildegard of Bingen, 19, 38
Historia Mongolorum, 59
Homer, 139
Homeric legend, 61
Hoogvliet, Margriet, 24, 65
Hooker, Richard, 137
House of Lancaster, 116
House of York, 116
Hugh of Kirkstall, 31, 32
            Cistercian chronicle, 34
Hugh of St Victor, 30, 48, 61
Hugonem de arca Noe, 87
Humphries, K.W., 18
Hundred Years’ War, 92, 110, 113

Imago Mundi, 65
Imago mundi, 3
imago mundi, 22, 65, 71, 89, 143, 164
incunables, 5, 15, 17, 172
Illich, Ivan, 30
Ireland, William-Henry, 154, 160
Iser, Wolfgang, 9, 10
            theory of reading, 9
Isodore of Seville, 3, 19, 22, 32, 90, 106, 113

Jacobs Well, 81, 109
Jerusalem, 58
Jewel, John, 137
John of Plano Carpini, 58, 59
John XXII, Pope, 5
Julius Caesar, 88, 89, 93, 136

Kaske, R., 18
Keen, Maurice, 79, 89
Kerby-Fulton, Kathryn, 95
Knolles, Robert, 95, 118
Knolles, Thomas, 95
Knolles, William, 95
Kratzmann, Gregory, 81
‘kynde’ (see also ‘natura’), 94

labour (see also ‘rest and reward’), 37, 97
            as metaphor for Christian life, 80
labouring and voyaging, 82–3
Lambert of St Omer, 19, 64
Lambert, William, 142
‘lamia’, 139, 147
Lancastrians, 103, 111
Langland, William, 83
Lanquet, Thomas, 137
Lawrence of Portugal, 59
Leland, John, 1, 15, 130, 131, 133, 153
Le Livre des Propriétés des Choses (see also Propriétés), 37, 88, 92, 100, 104
leopard as symbol, 110, 111, 112, 114
Liber moralizatae (see also ‘Proprietates rerum moralizatae’), 21, 80
Liber de natura rerum, 19
Liber rerum moralizatae, 44
light, 36, 41, 46
Lidaka, Juris, 15, 17, 22
Lindberg, David, 20
lion as Christian symbol, 111, 113
Locrine, 113, 137
Lollards, 17, 25, 83, 165
London Greyfriars, 78
Lords and servants, obligations of, 90
Loretta, Countess, 78
Louis IX, Pope, 59
Louis, Sylvain, 19, 49
Lucidarius, 19
Lucifer, 41, 146

Magdeburg, 2, 10, 16
Magellanica, 145
Mahomet, life of, 137
mappamundi/mappaemundi, 23, 57, 65, 69, 161
            Hereford/Ebstorf, 65, 145
            spiritual meaning of, 65, 161
map-makers, 45, 141
Marcellus II, Pope, 131
Marco Polo, 139
Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, 118
Martiloge in englysshe after the use of Salisbury, 137
Martyr, Peter, 146
Matrod, H, 16, 151
Maurus, Rabanus, 19
mediaeval compilations (see also ‘compilatio’), 3, 15, 18, 20, 21, 23, 57, 65, 105, 161
Meier, Christel, 21, 22, 23, 49
Meyer, Heinz, 21, 22
Michael of Northgate, 80
Michaud-Quantin, Pierre, 17
Minorites, 57, 58
Mongol empire, 58
Monte Verna, 36, 44, 58
Morris, William, 16
Moslems, 58
Mount Ararat, 70
Mount Olivet, 44
Mum and the Sothsegger, 85, 107, 112

natio anglicana, 2
natura, 33, 34, 38, 49, 64, 94, 109
            Franciscan vs. Dominican uses, 36
            and remedies, 35–37
Neckham, Alexander, 3, 19, 105
Neoplatonic universe, 36, 162, 165
New Testament, 41
Nicholas III, Pope, 3
Nicholas, Henry, 147
Noah, 61, 69, 71, 144

Odysseus (Ulysses), 59, 62, 71
Odyssey, 62
Old Testament, 41, 83
On the Properties of Things (see also Properties), 4, 15
Order of Preachers, 58
Ortelius, 139, 141
            Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 141, 144
Ovid, 139
Oxford, 1, 2

‘pagan follies’, 64
Paradise, 70
Paris, 1, 2, 16
            Bibliothèque nationale, 15, 16
            pecia system, 78
Paris, Matthew, 64
Paris and Helen, 136
Parker, Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, 134, 149
            group of antiquaries, 134, 151
Paynell, Thomas, 128
Pearl, 82
Peasants’ Revolt, 85
Perdrizet, P, 16
peregrinus, 62, 65
physical things/spiritual meanings, 38
Physiologus, 32, 109, 113
Pickering, John, 118
Pig as symbol, 114–5
pilgrimage, 58–9, 82, 97
Pilgrimage of the Soul, 104
Plassmann, T, 16
Plato, 1, 34, 105, 145, 146
Pliny, 1, 32, 38, 63, 105, 113
Polydore Vergil, 132, 137
primary sources, 171–2
printing press, 127, 138
Proclamation against the Sectaries of the Family of Love, 147
‘Properties’, 5, 7, 10, 23, 94, 106, 111, 119, 130, 149, 163, 164
            and the English noble family, 86–8
            and the French, 89–92
            as authoritative source, 103–25
            as guide to salvation, 29–56, 127
            as ‘world book’, 45
            Batman’s changes to, 135–7, 148
            Berthelet’s edition, 5, 16, 128–130, 136, 148
            De Worde’s edition, 117–121, 136, 148
            in London, 95–7
            in print, 116–21, 127, 143, 164
            salvation and social order, 77–102
Properties (see also ‘On the Properties of Things’), 84, 92, 111, 119, 142, 149, 150
            Berthelet’s edition, 128–30, 151, 153
            printed editions, 127, 153, 164
Proprietates rerum moralizatae (see also ‘Liber moralizate’), 15, 81
Propriétés (see also ‘Le Livre des Propriétés des Choses’), 104, 116
Protestant church
Protestant culture, 127, 165
Pseodo-Dionysius, 36
Pseudo-Hugh of St Victor, 19
Ps-Isidore, 19
Pythagoras, 146

Raven, Charles, 20
Reductorium morale, 5
repentance, 50
rest and reward, 39–40, 41, 46, 49, 82
Rex, Richard, 129
Richard II, 83, 85, 103, 114
Richard III, 103, 114
Roman de Renard, 39
Rome, 58
rose, 142
            the English, 92, 115–6
            the Tudor rose, 115, 143
            the white rose of York, 115
Royal Society, The, 148
Rudstone, Sir John, 117
Rufus, Richard, 163

Salimbene of Parma
Salvat, Michel, 88
salvation, 40, 50, 97, 110
            works on, 81
Saxonia, 2
Schäfer, Jürgen, 134
Schönbach, Anton, 16
Scota, 132
Scots, the, 132
‘Scribe D’, 95, 96
Scylla, 59, 62, 82
Se Boyar, Gerald, 16, 130, 151
Second COMERS Congress, Groningen, July 1996, 11, 26, 174, 180, 182, 183, 185, 188
servant
            celibate, 42–3
            good/bad, 39–42, 50, 53, 80, 81, 90, 141, 146, 162
Seymour, Michael, 17, 18, 36, 81, 105, 106, 117
Shakespeare, William, 16, 133,
            supposed influence of Bartholomew on, 151–4
            forgeries of signature, 153, 154, 160
            scholars, 151, 153
Sharpe, Richard, 131
sheep, 109, 141
Shepherd’s Kalendar, 119
Silvestris, Bernard, 35, 162
Simon of Langton, 78
sirena, 139
sirtes, 60
Smyth, John, 79, 87, 91
Solinus, 105, 109
Solomon, the wisdom of, 88, 89, 103, 129, 154, 165
Speculum maius, 3, 19
speculum mundi, 22
Speculum naturale, 3
St Ambrose, 32, 33, 36, 44, 90, 106
stag as symbol, 39, 53, 63, 111, 112
St Augustine, 34, 36, 61, 106
St Basil, 36, 106
St Bernard, 41
St Croce, library of, 18
St Denys, Order of, 2
St Francis, 3, 8, 32, 44, 50
St Gregory, 36, 90, 91, 106
St Jerome, 31, 106, 163
St Paul, 44, 50
Steele, Robert, 16, 151, 166
Stowe (Stow), John, 136, 141
Subsidy Rolls, 117
Swann, Marjorie, 148, 149

Tate, John, 118
Taylor, Reverend John, 104
Ten Commandments, 83, 84, 110
The Book of Wisdom, 47
The Description of England, 127
The mirour of the world, 118, 144
Thesaurus linguae Romae & Britannicae, 136
‘things’
            diversity of, 49
            inner substance, 48
            outer appearance, 48
            spiritual and liturgical associations, 47–8
Thorndike, Lynn, 20
Thorney, Richard, 96
Thorney (Thornye), Roger, 118
Toulmin-Smith, Lucy, 80
Tower of Babel, 70
Tractatus de Armis, 111, 113, 114
travel, as part of religious life, 58
traveller, the, 46, 48, 61–5, 70
            archetypal, 61
travelling through the world, 43–7
travelling toward God, 66–71
tree, image of, 84
Trevisa, John, 4, 5, 17, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 103, 111, 113, 163
            On the Properties of Things (see also Properties), 4, 5, 9, 10, 16, 17, 83, 90, 106, 111, 117, 128, 132, 164
            Polychronicon, 95
Tritheim, Johannes, 127
Trojans, 136
Tunstall, Bishop Cuthbert, 129
Tudor England, 142
Tudors, the, 9, 115, 116, 127, 133
Twomey, Michael, 19, 30
Tyrrell, Sir Thomas, 104

utilitas, 22-3, 30

Van den Abeele, Baudouin, 23, 80
Vespucci, Amerigo, 164
vine/vineyard, the, image of , 37, 40, 50, 82, 140, 162
Virgil, 32
Virgin Mary 30, 64, 65, 147
Vision of Piers the Plowman, 83
Voigt, Edmund, 16
Vox Clamantis, 83, 85

Waldeby, John, 81
Walton, John, 93
Whitford, Richard, 137
William, Duke of Normandy, 137
William of Conches, 62
William of Rubruck, 59, 78
Willoughby, Richard, 96
Wimbledon, Thomas, 81
wolf, 109
Worcester Priory, 79
Woodstock, Thomas, 94
world, the
            divine framework, 70
            journey through, 57–76
            separation from, 57
world book
            Batholomew’s, 77
            tradition of, 20–1, 49
Worthies, the, 89, 93
Wotton-under-Edge, 86

Yorkists, 103, 111