Williams (1979:26–7) argues:
To be able to infer causal sequences from values to other items, we need some evidence that the value or value system was present prior to or simultaneously with the explicandum, that its presence is associated with a heightened frequency of the phenomena to be explained, and that there is a theoretically compelling connection.
The existence of agrarian values in Western culture is well established. These values have a long history and, although they have been used flexibly to support different objectives, their basic components are well documented. More research is needed on the causal link between agrarianism and policy outcomes, particularly in Australia, where the link is not explicit; however, the frequent reference to agrarian imagery by the National Party suggests the values are influential and, as Hutcheon (1972:184) suggests, deeply held values might ‘not [be] themselves amenable to direct observation and measurement’ and might be identifiable only by inference. A plausible explanation of the inconsistencies between rural policy and other analogous areas of government policy is the lack of analytical attention given to the former, which allows some areas of farm policy to develop with limited reference to broader government policy approaches. This chapter provides the examples of the provision of income support to farmers on a more generous basis than to other groups in the community and the unusual privatisation and subsequent National Competition Policy Review of the AWB. There is scope for further theoretical consideration to be given to the influence of deep socio-cultural values on policy.
This chapter has argued that Australian rural policy is influenced by agrarian sentiments that are common to many Western societies. At times in Australia’s history, this agrarianism has been explicit. In recent years, as other paradigms have dominated policymaking, agrarian influence has been less obvious; however, it remains evident. Agrarian imagery is used in political debate and is important in differentiating the National Party from its electoral competitors, including its coalition partners. It is also effective in limiting critical analysis of policy settings. The public policy literature discusses the policy process as a balancing act, with decision makers confronting conflicting values that they must weigh up in arriving at policy positions. This literature generally assumes that values are explicit and that they are represented in the process by advocates such as interest groups or political parties. It is argued that this interpretation is too limited and does not recognise the influence of deep socio-cultural values that are so embedded in the community that their existence is not necessarily recognised. Agrarianism in Australia is such a value.