Fresh Perspectives on the ‘War on Terror’


Table of Contents

Acknowledgements
Contributors
Table of Cases
Table of Statutes
Table of International Instruments
Chapter 1. Introduction: Letters from the Front
Part One. Identifying the Threat and Choosing the Weapons
Chapter 2. Islam and the Politics of Terrorism: Aspects of the British Experience
Introduction
The British Government’s Approach
Islamism’s Place in Political Islam and its Relationship to Violence
Islamist Politics and ‘The West’
Creating a Space where Islam can Define Itself
A Humanist Response to the Authoritarianism of Terrorism
Chapter 3. Another Modest Proposal: In Defence of the Prohibition against Torture
Introduction
Torture in Theory
Torture in Practice
Defending It
Opposing it
Chapter 4. Protecting Constitutionalism in Treacherous Times:Why ‘Rights’ Don’t Matter
Introduction
Bird’s Eye View: Anti-Terrorism Law and the Principle of Legality
Rights Don’t Matter
Paper Tiger
Trojan Horse
Narcotic Effect
Part Two. Preparing the Ground: Balance, Proportionality, and Public Perceptions
Chapter 5. Balancing Security and Liberty: Critical Perspectives on Terrorism Law Reform
Introduction: The Balancing Model
The Critique of Balancing
The Making of Terrorism Law:Uncivil Politics of Law Reform
Preventative, Pre-emptive and Precautionary Models of Counter-Terrorism Law
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Lay Perceptions of Terrorist Acts and Counter‑Terrorism Responses
Introduction
Exceptionalism and Siege Mentality
Use of ‘Motive’ in the Definition of Australian Terrorist Act Offences
The Empirical Research
Design
Adapting Bar-Tal’s Siege Mentality Scale
Participants and Data Collection
Materials/Procedure
Results
Conclusions
Chapter 7. The Proportionality Principle in the Context of Anti‑Terrorism Laws
Introduction
The Proportionality Principle in the Context of Derogation from the European Convention of Human Rights
Justifications for the Margin of Appreciation
Critique of the Justifications for the Margin of Appreciation
The Question of Proportionality and the Belmarsh Detainees Decision
The Majority Approach to the Threat of Terrorism
The Dissentient Approach to the Threat of Terrorism
Conclusion
Part Three. Rules of Engagement: Beyond the Limits of the Law
Chapter 8. More Law or Less Law? The Resilience of Human Rights Law and Institutions in the ‘War on Terror’
Introduction
Counter-Terrorism Strategies and Human Rights Responses: An Overview
Regulating Terrorism through International Law
Regulating Terrorism Despite Law and While Engaging with Human Rights Law
United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
The Applicability of International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict
Resistance to the Extraterritorial Applicability of Human Rights Norms
Regulating Terrorism outside International Law
Conclusion
Chapter 9. Black Holes, White Holes and Worm Holes: Pre‑emptive Detention in the ‘War on Terror’
I. Introduction
II. The Black Hole of Guantánamo Bay
A. Staring into the Abyss? Confronting Jurisdictional Limits before US Courts
B. Exposing the Black Hole to the Light of Human Rights: the US Confronts the UN Human Rights System
C. The Terrorists Unmasked
III. A Black Hole or a White Hole: Does Belmarsh Prison have Only Three Walls?
A. The Belmarsh Detainees: Caught between Liberty and Torture
B. Great Britain: Caught between Life and Torture?
IV. A Parallel Universe — Preventative Detention Down-Under
A. The Legislative Scheme for Preventative Detention Orders
B. Enter the Worm Hole: Is this Executive-controlled Detention Legal?
C. Liberty or Security of the Person?
V. Conclusion
Chapter 10. Forgiving Terrorism: Trading Justice for Peace, or Imperiling the Peace?
Introduction
The Lawfulness of Amnesties for International Crimes
Amnesties and International Policy Considerations
Conditions of the Legitimacy of Amnesties
Amnesties for Terrorism: Special Considerations?
Amnesties for Terrorism: a Role for the Security Council
Amnesties for Terrorism: the Role of Prosecutorial Discretion
Conclusion
Part Four. Reports from Two Theatres of War: Legislation, Sanctions and Prosecutions in Europe and Australia
Chapter 11. The European Union as a Collective Actor in the Fight against Post-9/11 Terrorism
Introduction
The European Union’s Response: an Evolving Threat Definition and Multidimensional Action
The Evolution of the Threat Definition: ‘Internalisation’ and Differentiation
The Terrorist Threat as a Multidimensional Law Enforcement Challenge
The Combination of Legislative and Operational Measures
The Combination of Internal and External Measures
The Combination of Repressive and Preventative Measures
The Strengthening of European Union Institutional Capacity
The Limitations of and Problems with the European Union’s Response
A Response Based on Cooperation Rather than Integration
The Implementation Deficit
The Legitimacy Deficit and Fundamental Rights Protection Issues
Conclusion
Chapter 12. The European Union, Counter‑Terrorism Sanctions against Individuals and Human Rights Protection
I. Introduction
II. Enforcing United Nations Counter-Terrorism Sanctions in the European Community/European Union System
III. Challenging the European Union Sanctions before the Court of First Instance/European Court of Justice
A. The Court’s Jurisdiction, the Primacy of the United Nations Legal Order and the Role of Jus Cogens in the Protection of Human Rights
B. Assessing the Alleged Human Rights Violations: Inconsistencies in the Jus Cogens Test
C. A ‘Right’ to Diplomatic Protection under European Union Law and its Enforcement
D. New Developments for European Community/European Union Sanctions Adopted Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001)
IV. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 13. How Does it End? Reflections on Completed Prosecutions under Australia’s Anti‑Terrorism Legislation
Introduction
I. Brief Overview of Part 5.3
A. Terrorist Act Offences
B. Definition of Terrorist Act
C. Terrorist Organisation Offences
D. Definition of Terrorist Organisation
E. Financing Terrorism Offences
II. The Cases of Zak Mallah, Jack Thomas and Faheem Lodhi
A. Zak Mallah
B. Jack Thomas
C. Faheem Lodhi
III. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Executive Proscription of Terrorist Organisations in Australia
Introduction
I. Executive Proscription: Background to the Legislation
II. Listing Terrorist Organisations
A. Concept of a ‘Terrorist Act’
B. Criteria for Listing a Terrorist Organisation
C. What is an ‘Organisation’?
D. Listing Procedure
E. Terrorist Organisation Offences
III. The Listing Provisions in Action
A. Listed Organisations
B. Reviews of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security
IV. The Impact of the Listing Provisions
A. Enforcement
B. Refugee and Immigration Law
C. Putting Australia’s Criminal Laws at the Disposal of Foreign Governments
V. Crime and Politics: the Antimonies of Executive Proscription
VI. Conclusion
Part Five. Calling a Halt: The Role of Bills of Rights
Chapter 15. The United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat
Introduction
The Lessons of History
The Terrorism Act 2000 and the Post-9/11 Legislation
The Belmarsh Decision and Detention without Trial
Circumventing Belmarsh — Control Orders and Detention Pending Deportation
The Partial Malfunctioning of the Control Order and Deportation Strategy
The Other Problematic Dimensions of the Counter-Terrorism Legislation: The Definition of ‘Terrorism’, Stop and Search Powers and Ninety-Day Detention
The Siren Song of Necessity: Why the UK Government is Addicted to Devising More and More Emergency Counter-Terrorist Powers
The Damaging Impact of Counter-Terrorism Powers
‘Dampening’: How Legal Mechanisms Can Offer a Partial Respite from the Counter-Terrorism Cycle
The Inevitable Limits of Parliamentary Control over Counter‑Terrorism Powers
The Independent Reviewer
The Potential of Human Rights
The Dampening Effect of Human Rights Norms
Conclusion
Chapter 16. The ACT Human Rights Act 2004 and the Commonwealth Anti-Terrorism Act (No 2) 2005
Introduction
Federalism, Diffusion of Power and Protection of Human Rights
The ACT Human Rights Act 2004
The New Measures
The Federal Anti-Terrorism Legislation
The ACT Legislation
Did the Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT) Make a Difference?
Assessment
Bibliography
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Index